Pterosaurs or flying reptiles were the first vertebrates to evolve flight. These distant relatives of modern reptiles and dinosaurs lived from the Late Triassic (over 200 million years ago) to the end of the Cretaceous (about 65 million years ago) a span of some 135 million years. When they became extinct, no relatives survived them and as a result these prehistoric animals cannot readily be compared with our modern-day fauna. So what do we know of these highly succsessful animals? The present summary answers this and many more questions based on the most recent results of modern scientific research. After a short introduction to palaeontology as a science and its history related to pterosaurs, it explains what pterosaurs were, when and where they lived, and what they looked like. Topics such as disease, injury and reproduction are also discussed. Separated from this text are 'Mark explains' boxes. Each of these explanations puts one specific species in the spotlight and focuses on its lifestyle. They show how diverse pterosaurs were, from small insectivorous animals with a wingspan of nearly 40 centimetres to the biggest flying animals ever to take to the air, with wingspans of over 10 metres and with a way of life comparable to modern-day storks. The text is illustrated with many full colour photographs and beautiful palaeo-art prepared by experts in the field.

The story of ethnographic collecting is one of cross-cultural encounters. This book focuses on collecting encounters in the Kamoro region of Papua from the earliest collections made in 1828 until 2011. Exploring the links between representation and collecting, the author focuses on the creative and pragmatic agency of Kamoro people in these collecting encounters. By considering objects as visualizations of social relations, and as enactments of personal, social or historical narrative, this book combines filling a gap in the literature on Kamoro culture with an interest in broader questions that surround the nature of ethnographic collecting, representation, patronage and objectification.

Barrows, as burial markers, are ubiquitous throughout North-Western Europe. In some regions dense concentrations of monuments form peculiar configurations such as long alignments while in others they are spread out extensively, dotting vast areas with hundreds of mounds. These vast barrow landscapes came about through thousands of years of additions by several successive prehistoric and historic communities. Yet little is known about how these landscapes developed and came about.That is what this research set out to do. By unravelling the histories of specific barrow landscapes in the Low Countries, several distinct activity phases of intense barrow construction could be recognised. Each of these phases contributed in a particular fashion to how the barrow landscape developed and reveals shifting attitudes to these landscape monuments.By creating new monuments in a specific place and in a particular fashion, prehistoric communities purposefully transformed the form and shape of the barrow landscape. Using several GIS-techniques such as a skyline-analysis, this research was able to demonstrate how each barrow then took up a specific (and different) position within such a social landscape. While the majority of the barrows were only visible from relatively close by, specific monuments took up a dominating position, cresting the horizon, and they were visible from much further away.It was argued that these burial mounds remained important landscape monuments on the purple heathlands. They continued to attract attention, and by their visibility ensured to endure in the collective memory of the communities shaping themselves around these monuments.This publication is part of the Ancestral Mounds Research Project of the University of Leiden.

In this book the concept of mobility is explored for the archaeology of the Amazonian and Caribbean region. As a result of technological and methodological progress in archaeology, mobility has become increasingly visible on the level of the individual. However, as a concept it does not seem to fit with current approaches in Amazonian archaeology, which favour a move away from viewing small mobile groups as models for the deeper past. Instead of ignoring such ethnographic tyrannies, in this book they are considered to be essential for arriving at a different past. Viewing archaeological mobility as the sum of movements of both people and objects, the empirical part of Amotopoan Trails focuses on Amotopo, a small contemporary Trio village in the interior of Suriname. The movements of the Amotopoans are tracked and positioned in a century of Trio dynamics, ultimately yielding a recent archaeology of Surinamese-Trio movements for the Sipaliwini River basin (1907-2008). Alongside the construction of this archaeology, novel mobility concepts are introduced. They provide the conceptual footholds which enable the envisioning of mobility at various temporal scales, from a decade up to a century, the sequence of which has remained a blind spot in Caribbean and Amazonian archaeology.

Dr Robert Munro (1835-1920) was a distinguished medical practitioner who, in his later life, became a keen archaeologist. His particular interests lay in the lake-dwelling settlements of his native Scotland, known as crannogs, as well as those then being discovered across Europe. In 1885 Robert Munro undertook a review of all lacustrian research in Europe, travelling widely to study collections and visit sites. The results of this work formed the basis for the prestigious Rhind Lectures at the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland in 1888. These were then published as The Lake-Dwellings of Europe, a landmark publication for archaeology and one that cemented Munro’s archaeological reputation.In 1910 Robert Munro offered the University of Edinburgh a financial gift with which to fund lectures in Anthropology and Prehistoric Archaeology. Over the past century this has been done through the Munro Trust. In 2010, the year of the centenary of the Munro Trust, the University of Edinburgh and the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland jointly celebrated the occasion with a gathering of Continental and British scholars. The papers presented in this publication are the results of that international seminar.This book will engage all those interested in European lake dwellings, wetland archaeology and the history of archaeology in the 19th century. The collected papers explore the historical context of Munro’s work, as well as introducing current research from across Europe. The book will appeal to both the professional and the interested amateur, of which Munro himself represented such an exciting synthesis.

Background to Beakers is the result of an inspiring session at the yearly conference of European Association of Archaeologists in The Hague in September 2010. The conference brought together thirteen speakers on the subject Beakers in Transition. Together we explored the background to the Bell beaker complex in different regions, departing from the idea that migration is not the comprehensive solution to the adoption of bell Beakers. Therefore we asked the participants to discuss how in their region Beakers were incorporated in existing cultural complexes, as one of the manners to understand the processes of innovation that were undoubtedly part of the Beaker complex. In this book eight of the speakers have contributed papers, resulting in a diverse and interesting approach to Beakers. We can see how scholars in Scandinavia, the Low Countries, Poland, Switzerland, France, Morocco even, struggle with the same problems, but have different solutions everywhere. The book reads as an inspiration for new approaches and for a discussion of cultural backgrounds in stead of searching for the oldest Beaker. The authors are all established scholars in the field of Bronze Age research.

Dutch Description: Tot halverwege de twintigste eeuw was men er nog van overtuigd, dat men in Nederland niet over de landschapsstijl kan spreken vóór de negentiende eeuw. Dit beeld is echter de laatste decennia aanzienlijk gewijzigd. Incidenteel onderzoek en het symposium 'Nederlandse Tuinen in de achttiende eeuw' gaven een voorzet tot een nieuwe visie op de Landschapsstijl in Nederland, maar aan een samenvattende studie, waarin de introductie van de landschapsstijl centraal stond, bleef behoefte. De Nederlandse Landschapsstijl in de Achttiende Eeuw is een ingrijpende bewerking van het oorspronkelijke proefschrift van H.M.J. Tromp en werd aanzienlijk ingekort, zonder dat de kern van het onderzoek verloren ging. In het kort is allereerst aandacht besteed aan de landschapsstijl in met name Engeland, Frankrijk en Duitsland. Daarna wordt de Nederlandse situatie uitvoerig belicht aan de hand van vele details en voorbeelden. Het onderzoek naar de verschillende parken en tuinen werd in sterke mate vanuit de eigenaren opgezet met de gedachte, dat kennis over hun achtergrond, educatie, belangstelling en gedachtewereld kan leiden tot een beter inzicht in de revolutionaire veranderingen in de aanleg die op deze objecten plaatsvonden. Hierbij is niet alleen aandacht aan de grote, bekende voorbeelden zoals Biljoen en Beekhuizen, Het Loo en Elswout gegeven, maar komt ook een reeks minder spectaculaire buitenplaatsen en tuinen aan bod. Zo kon de 'canon' verbreed worden; een algemeen beeld van de landschapsstijl is immers niet alleen te schetsen aan de hand van de hoogtepunten. Dit maakt tevens duidelijk, hoe algemeen de verbreiding van het concept van de landschapsstijl in de achttiende eeuw al was in sociaal en geografisch opzicht. Het ging dan ook niet uitsluitend om een exclusieve 'modieuze' beweging van een kleine, exclusief-aristocratische elite, al leverde die wel enkele belangrijke 'founding fathers'. Dutch language edition

Dutch Description: De vaak honderden aardewerkfragmenten die in Oss-Ussen werden aangetroffen in waterputten, kuilen, greppels en huisplattegronden vormden het aangrijpingspunt voor een studie naar het aardewerk uit een min of meer aaneengesloten bewoningsperiode van een millennium (ca. 800 v.Chr. -250 n.

DUTCH DESCRIPTION: Even ten noorden van Goedereede, in de Oude Oostdijkpolder, bevond zich in de Romeinse tijd een nederzettingsterrein. Hier vonden in de jaren '50 en '80 van de twintigste eeuw opgravingen plaats. Middelen voor de uitwerking van de resultaten van het onderzoek ontbraken echter, waardoor jarenlang onduidelijk was wat de omvang en het karakter van de nederzetting was. In 2010-2011 is de vindplaats in het kader van het onderzoeksprogramma Odyssee ontsloten. Hierbij zijn de destijds opgegraven grondsporen en een deel van het vondstmateriaal geanalyseerd. Het nederzettingsterrein was gelegen aan een bevaarbare kreek, waarlangs de toenmalige bewoners beschoeiingen en kadewerken hebben aangelegd. Andere opvallende elementen zijn de planmatige uitleg van de nederzetting, het voorkomen van pakhuizen en grote hoeveelheden geïmporteerd aardewerk. Op basis van deze gegevens kan gesproken worden van een havenplaats, die functioneerde tussen 85 en 225 na Christus. De nederzetting heeft waarschijnlijk een belangrijke functie gehad in de overslag en distributie van diverse goederen, waaronder keramiek en voedingsgewassen. Tevens gaat het om een van de grotere plaatsen uit de Romeinse tijd in het westen van Nederland. De gegevens van het onderzoek in Goedereede tonen aan dat de grootschalige overslag en distributie van goederen, die heden ten dage het economisch leven in de West-Nederlandse delta domineert, al in de Romeinse tijd een aanvang heeft genomen. ENGLISH DESCRIPTION: In the 1950's and 1980's a settlement from the Roman period was excavated in Goedereede. Until now the results had not been published. The analysis shows a settlement with a harbour that was in use between 85 and 225 AD. This settlement will have had an important role in the distribution trade goods, including ceramics and food. The book contains an extensive catalogue of Terra Sigilata. Dutch Language Edition.

Groups of burial mounds may be among the most tangible and visible remains of Europe's prehistoric past. Yet, not much is known on how "barrow landscapes" came into being . This book deals with that topic, by presenting the results of archaeological research carried out on a group of just two barrows that crown a small hilltop near the Echoput ("echo-well") in Apeldoorn, the Netherlands. In 2007, archaeologists of the Ancestral Mounds project of Leiden University carried out an excavation of parts of these mounds and their immediate environment. They discovered that these mounds are rare examples of monumental barrows from the later part of the Iron Age. They were probably built at the same time, and their similarities are so conspicuous that one might speak of "twin barrows". The research team was able to reconstruct the long-term history of this hilltop. We can follow how the hilltop that is now deep in the forests of the natural reserve of the Kroondomein Het Loo, once was an open place in the landscape. With pragmatism not unlike our own, we see how our prehistoric predecessors carefully managed and maintained the open area for a long time, before it was transformed into a funerary site. The excavation yielded many details on how people built the barrows by cutting and arranging heather sods, and how the mounds were used for burial rituals in the Iron Age.

The Coptic monastery and cemetery Deir el-Bachit stands on the hilltop of Dra' Abu el-Naga, the well-known necropolis in Qurna (West Bank, Luxor). It is the largest Coptic monastery complex preserved in Western Thebes and the first monastery that has been systematically investigated. The excavation of the monastery was started as a DFG-Project des Ägyptologischen Instituts der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Muenchen in close collaboration with the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Abteilung Kairo. Until the start of the investigations in 2001 with a survey, little research was done. After three seasons of preliminary research, full archaeological research was started in 2004. The leatherwork was studied in 2007, the present volume of which presents the results. The book consists of two parts: the analysis and a detailed catalogue, including colour images of all finds and, where necessary, line drawings. The finds are analysed within the framework of the excavation as well as within the frameworks of the Ancient Egyptian Leatherwork Project and the Ancient Egyptian Footwear Project (www.leatherandshoes.nl).

DUTCH DESCRIPTION: In het werk en onderzoek van Eric Lohof staat de Nederlandse prehistorie centraal, en die van het Neolithicum en de Bronstijd in het bijzonder. Ter ere van Eric's pensioen in 2011 is rondom dit onderwerp een feestbundel samengesteld met bijdragen van vrienden, collega's en vakgenoten. In deze bijzondere samenwerking tussen archeologen uit de academische wereld en de private sector is een dwarsdoorsnede geschetst van wat de Nederlandse prehistorische archeologie te bieden heeft. Het richt zich op de nieuwe technische ontwikkelingen in het steentijdonderzoek en op de mogelijkheden om meer informatie te halen uit de archeologie van bekergraven. Ook is er ruimte voor de ontsluiting van ouder en nog niet eerder gepubliceerd onderzoek van urnenvelden uit het westen, oosten en noorden van het land. Tegelijkertijd reflecteren archeologen op oudere opgravingen en prospectietechnieken en op het grafritueel gedurende de periode van de lineaire bandkeramiek, de geschiedenis van het onderzoek naar grafheuvels en een kritische blik op de Indicatieve Kaart voor Archeologische Waarden (IKAW).Tenslotte biedt deze bundel ook interessante exposés over onderwerpen die maar zelden aan bod komen. Publicaties over visserij in de Bronstijd en de vernietigende kracht van de paalworm die leidde tot de eerste archeologische monumentenwet blijken fascinerende onderzoeksterreinen. Wat deze bundel verbindt is de inhoud en reikwijdte van de onderwerpen. Ze illustreren de brede belangstelling en passie van Eric Lohof voor zijn vak. ENGLISH DESCRIPTION: This book is a festschrift for the Dutch archaeologist Eric Lohof who retired in 2011. Friends and collegues from both academic institutions and archaeological companies contributed to this collection of articles on Dutch prehistoric archaeology. Dutch Language Edition.

The ancient Egyptian city of Tell el-Amarna (or Amarna, ancient Akhetaten) was the short-lived capital built by the controversial Pharaoh Akhenaten, probably the father of the famous Tutankhamun, and abandoned shortly after his death (c. 1336 BCE). It is one of the few Pharaonic cities to have been thoroughly excavated and is a rich source of information about the daily life of the ancient Egyptians. This volume, the first of two, presents the leatherwork excavated at the site by these various expeditions. The book consists of two parts: the catalogue and the preliminary analysis. The former presents the detailed description of the objects (among which chariot leather and footwear), accompanied by colour photographs and, where necessary, line- and construction drawings. The latter includes an explanation of the Amarna Leatherwork Project as well as preliminary interpretations of the finds.

German Description: Im Fruehjahr 1951 berichteten alle Zeitungen in den Niederlanden von einer international bedeutenden archäologischen Entdeckung: der Ausgrabung eines groáen fruehmittelalterlichen Gräberfeldes bei Rhenen in der Provinz Utrecht. Das Reihengräberfeld auf dem Donderberg umfasste mehr als 1100 Gräber, die vom vierten bis zum achten Jahrhundert datieren. Es wurden auf einer Gesamtfläche von etwa 1250m etwa 300 Brandbestattungen und 820 Körperbestattungen dokumentiert, darueber hinaus 14 Pferdegräber. Circa 830 Gräber enthielten Beigaben, insgesamt 3000 Objekte: davon ueber 850 Keramikgefäáe, Dutzende von Glasgefäáen, wie Becher und Schälchen, auáerdem Hunderte von Objekten die den Kategorien Schmuck, Perlen, Waffen und Werkzeuge zuzuordnen sind. Das Gräberfeld befand sich an der Westflanke einer Moräne, die im fruehen Mittelalter intensiv bewohnt und genutzt wurde. Der Donderberg war ein bedeutender Ort, den die Menschen ueber Jahrhunderte ihrer Bestattungsriten wegen immer wieder aufsuchten. In diesem Bereich hat die Gemeinschaft an der gleichen Stelle und nahezu in der gleichen Weise während vier Jahrhunderten - das entspricht etwa zwanzig Generationen - von etwa 375 bis 750 nach Chr. ihre Toten bestattet. Dieser Zeitraum umfasst den Übergang von der Spätantike ueber die Zeit der Merowinger/Franken bis zum Beginn des Christentums in den Niederlanden. Das Gräberfeld von Rhenen ist eine reiche Quelle fuer die Untersuchungen zu Kontinuität und Wandel in der Völkerwanderungszeit. Trotz der internationalen Aufmerksamkeit, die die Ausgrabungen im Jahre 1951 fanden, blieben die Funde aus Rhenen weitgehend auáerhalb des Blickfelds und fanden damit in vergleichenden Studien und Verbreitungskarten zumeist keine Beruecksichtigung. Genau sechzig Jahre nach der Ausgrabung dieses wichtigen, unweit der deutschen Grenze gelegenen Gräberfeldes sorgt der vorliegende wissenschaftliche Katalog endlich fuer eine vollständige Materialvorlage der Gräber vom Donderberg. English Description: In the spring of 1951 Dutch newspapers wrote about an archaeological discovery of international importance: the excavation of an enormous early medieval cemetery near Rhenen (province of Utrecht). This 'Reihengräberfeld', situated on the 'Donderberg', contained over 1100 graves that were dated between the fourth and eighth century A.D. Around 830 graves contained artefacts including over 850 ceramic pots, numerous fragments of glass objects and hundreds of pieces of jewellery, pearls, arms and tools. This extensive catalogue, describing all 1100 graves separately, is the first publication of this extraordinary archaeological site.

This books discusses one of the most frequently discussed subjects in history education during the last two decades, namely how secondary school pupils use the World Wide Web for their learning activities. Based on two case studies in two Dutch schools, the book shows some ways in which the use of the Web has changed history education in at least three respects: first, the findings of the two case studies show that the Web has a huge potential to turn the history class - previously described as boring and too abstract - into a livelier and more attractive environment, where concepts, events, phenomena and processes of the past almost always have textual and/or [audio]visual representations; second, strong indications were observed showing that the Web fosters historical understanding, not only by triggering thinking processes that take pupils beyond the shown contents, but also by prompting them to evaluate sources and sample relevant fragments for their assignments; third, the Web has brought into history education sources that were previously excluded, including those described as unconventional. This book shows, among other things, that convergence is underway on both the user side - since pupils use both conventional and unconventional online sources - and the content-production side, where heritage institutions are increasingly getting involved in unconventional platforms like Wikipedia. The latter emerged from the two case studies as the most popular source of historical information, while the websites of heritage institutions tended to appear at the bottom of the list of references. Unlike personal sites, which also scored better, heritage sites face some obstacles, including the still dominant desire to preserve institutions' identity and uniqueness, conservatism - which often prevents the redefinition of collection management tasks -, and the tax-payers' dilemma. For that reason, collections are not hyperlinked and, therefore, remain invisible and not easy to find online.

The discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb by Howard Carter in 1922 is one of the most significant archaeological discoveries of all time. It took Carter and his team 10 years to clear the contents of the tomb and among the objects found was a large collection of shoes and sandals. The footwear is analysed here in detail for the first time since the discovery using Carter's records and Harry Burton's excellent photographs along with the author's analyses of the objects, all of which are housed in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo and the Luxor Museum. Several specialists contributed to the volume discussing the different materials (gold, vegetable fibre, birch bark, glass and faience, leather, gemstones) that were used in the footwear. Tutankhamun's footwear is compared with other finds in order to be able to put it in a broader context. The footwear from the tomb of Yuya and Tjuiu, the King's great-grandparents, are, therefore, analysed as well. In addition to the analysis, footwear in texts and two- and three-dimensional art is considered.